The effect of things To show the effect of somethingĪccordingly, as a result/consequence, consequently, for this reason, hence, so, therefore, thus.įor concession / qualification Conceding somethingĪdmittedly, although, clearly though, even though, however, indeed, obviously. The cause of things To attribute the reasons for something occurringĪ / the consequence of, because, due to, for, the effect of …, since, the result of … In other words, more simply, namely, simply put, to put it differently / another way, such as, that is. For example, if you use notwithstanding as a paragraph opener you may have to add other content words to provide more information such as “Nothwithstanding a lack of natural resources, the region has…”Īdditionally, and, also, apart from this, as well (as), in addition, moreover, further, furthermore.įor comparison To show how things are similarĬorrespondingly, equally, for the same reason, in a similar manner, in comparison, in the same way, on the one hand, similarly.įor contrast To show how things are differentĪlternatively, although, but, conversely, despite, even so, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, on the contrary, contrary to, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, rather, still, though, yet, whereas, while.įor emphasis To put forward an idea more forcefullyĪgain, in fact, interestingly, indeed, it should be noted (that), more important(ly), most importantly, to repeat, (un)fortunately, unquestionably.Ī further instance of this is., an example of this is…, for example, for instance, such as, thus, as follows.įor restatement For rephrasing statements However, some of them need to be incorporated into fuller sentences to be effective as paragraph openers. Note that most of these terms can also be used to start new paragraphs.
Some useful examples of each are categorised by function below. For example, different clauses or words can signal or ‘signpost’ additional or similar information, opposition or contrast, concession, cause or effect, emphasis, clarification, or a relationship in time or sequence. Particular phrases and words serve different functions in connecting ideas and arguments. Connectives used in and between sentencesĬonnectives allow us to be more precise about the relationships between statements in a sentence or between sentences. Here we provide suggestions for sentence openers, ‘linking words’ within sentences and between paragraphs, and alternative vocabulary choices you might use when connecting ideas in writing. The appropriate use of ‘discourse markers,’ that is, words or phrases that signal a relationship, can reveal and reinforce the direction that your argument is taking, and make clear the relations between sections of your writing. Developing the language to connect ideas in academic writing will help you with both these tasks. Often you will be assessed on your ability to do both.
In addition, you may be required to discuss and evaluate existing research or ideas about the topic under discussion. In academic writing, it is important to present an argument clearly and cohesively.
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